Multi-site infrared thermometer

ABSTRACT

An infrared thermometer includes a probe and an infrared sensor. The probe with an infrared target absorbs thermal radiation to provide a substantially consistent source of infrared radiation and an aperture for preventing contamination of the infrared target while permitting the transmission of thermal radiation to the target. The infrared sensor is configured for sensing infrared radiation from the infrared target. The infrared target is positioned within the probe such that it absorbs thermal radiation that comes from the aperture and thereafter emits thermal radiation to the infrared sensor.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation patent application of, and claimspriority and benefit to, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/678,657, Attorney Docket Number 3018946 US01, that was filed on Feb.26, 2007 and entitled “Multi-Site Infrared Thermometer”, which is acontinuation-in-part application of, and claims the priority and benefitto, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/989,631 that was filed Nov. 16,2004, entitled “Probe Cover for Thermometry Apparatus”, and now issuedU.S. Pat. No. 7,572,056. The patent application is related to U.S.patent application Ser. No. 11/873,046, Attorney Docket Number 3025298US01, entitled “Temperature Patch and Method of Using the Same”. All ofthe aforementioned patent applications and patents are incorporatedherein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates, in one embodiment, to an infrared thermometerwith multiple disposable probes. The thermometer automatically detectswhich of the multiple probes is currently attached, loads apredetermined program from memory that corresponds to the current probe,and thereafter obtains a temperature measurement from a patient usinginfrared radiation conducted or emitted therefrom.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It has been a longstanding objective in the art to rapidly andaccurately measure the temperature of a patient. The core temperature ofa mammal may be approximately measured in a number of ways. For example,typical temperature measuring techniques use specialized probes such asoral, rectal, axillary, and/or tympanic probes to measure thetemperature of a specific area of the body. The body's “coretemperature” may then be extrapolated from such a measurement. Referencemay be had to U.S. Pat. No. 6,292,685 to Pompei (Temporal ArteryTemperature Detector). Each of the aforementioned probes is useful underdifferent circumstances. For example, axillary probes are particularlyuseful in conjunction with neonates, whereas tympanic infrared probesare widely used on adults.

The use of tympanic infrared probes on adults has proven to beparticularly useful. One of the primary advantages of such probes istheir speed—a typical infrared probe can measure the temperature of thetympanic membrane in less than one second. In contrast, a mercury oralthermometer often takes several minutes to provide a proper measurement.Examples of tympanic infrared probes include U.S. Pat. No. 5,159,936 toYelderman et al. (Noncontact Infrared Tympanic Thermometer) and U.S.Pat. No. 6,609,823 to Kraus et al. (Infrared Radiation Thermometer withVariable Exterior Probe Head for Conforming to Body Cavity). Suchtympanic infrared thermometers are readily commercially available. Forexample, the Braun Pro4000, available from Welch Allyn, provides such aninfrared probe, complete with a disposable, sanitary cover.

The use of infrared axillary probes is also known in the art. Referencemay be had to U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,874,736; 5,893,833; 6,045,257; 6,056,435;6,241,384; 6,299,347; 6,402,371; and 6,499,877 to Pompei et al.

Unfortunately, other bodily sites are not so suitable for infraredtemperature measurement. For such other sites, traditional thermometers,which require long equilibration times, are often used to measuretemperatures. Traditional thermometers include those materials, bothliquid and solid, that expand or otherwise change their physicalconfirmation when heated. Examples include mercury and ethanol basedthermometers. It would be a significant advantage if medical personnelcould quickly measure body temperature at multiple locations usinginfrared technology. It would be a further advantage if medicalpersonnel could use a single infrared thermometer to obtain temperaturemeasurements at multiple sites.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,789,936 to Kraus et al. (Infrared Thermometer forPerforming Temperature Measurements at Different Sites) provides adevice capable of measuring body temperature using either temporal ortympanic probes. Although Kraus discusses the desirability of obtaininginfrared temperature readings from other bodily sites, obtaining suchmeasurements has proven problematic. The device of Kraus is deficient inthat it does not describe a mechanism or method for enabling an infraredtemperature reading from the sites most commonly used by healthcareprofessionals, particularly oral, rectal and axillary sites. Conversionsto derive readings similar to these sites are discussed but suchconversions are found to work only in general and are not sufficientlyaccurate for individual subjects.

Additional background references that are of some importance, while notmaterial to the present claims, include U.S. Pat. No. 5,169,234 to Bohm(Infrared Temperature Sensor); U.S. Pat. No. 6,129,673 to Fraden(Infrared Thermometer); U.S. Pat. No. 6,347,243 to Fraden (Probe Coverfor Infrared Thermometer); U.S. Pat. No. 6,390,671 to Tseng (Probe Coverwith Film Insert); U.S. Pat. No. 6,447,160 to Fraden (Blackbody Cavityfor Calibration of Infrared Thermometers); U.S. Pat. No. 6,527,439 toBellifemine (Infrared Thermometer); U.S. Pat. No. 6,709,154 to Janotte(Radiation Thermometer and Radiation Sensor with Several SensorElements, Method for Determining Temperature); U.S. Pat. No. 6,742,927to Bellifemine (Infrared Thermometer); U.S. Pat. No. 6,751,497 to Fraden(Infrared Thermometer); and U.S. Pat. No. 7,048,437 to Bellifermine(Infrared Thermometer and Waveguide for Infrared Thermometer).

Therefore, an infrared thermometer is desired which permits the user torapidly measure body temperature at multiple sites using a singledevice.

Furthermore, an infrared thermometer is desired which automaticallydetects what type of probe is connected to the thermometer andthereafter loads a program that permits the thermometer to properlyinterpret data from such a probe.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention comprises, in one form thereof, a kit comprising aninfrared thermometer and at least two probes for use with thethermometer. The probes are each equipped with keying features that matewith one or more switches on the thermometer and permit the thermometerto properly identify which of the probes is currently attached.

An advantage of the present invention is that the probes are especiallyconfigured to provide a substantially consistent source of infraredradiation to the sensor, regardless of where the probe is disposed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is disclosed with reference to the accompanyingdrawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic depiction of an infrared (IR) thermometer assemblyfor use with the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic depiction of an IR thermometer wherein a differentprobe is used;

FIG. 3 is a more detailed view of the terminus of one probe for use withthe present invention;

FIG. 4A to 4F are illustrations of various probes for use with thisinvention;

FIGS. 5A and 5B are depictions of an infrared target configuration foruse with the present invention;

FIGS. 6A and 6B are illustrations of two infrared thermometers whichhave been configured for long term use; and

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of one process of the invention.

Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding partsthroughout the several views. The examples set out herein illustrateseveral embodiments of the invention but should not be construed aslimiting the scope of the invention in any manner.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is a schematic depiction of infrared (IR) thermometer assembly100. Assembly 100 is comprised of infrared thermometer 104 and probe102. Infrared thermometer 104 is similar to prior art infraredthermometers and may be used in an analogous manner. For example, whenin use on a patient, probe 102 is disposed over infrared sensor 124. Theprobe 102 is then placed at a bodily location for which probe 102 isspecifically configured. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1, probe 102is a tympanic probe configured to receive temperature readings fromwithin a patient's ear. Once the probe is suitably disposed, activationbutton 118 is pressed and a temperature reading is obtained. Infraredradiation 114 passes through infrared transparent aperture 106 andstrikes infrared sensor 124. Infrared opaque wall 108 helps reduce theexposure of sensor 124 to the environment, thus reduces background noiseand other interference. Infrared sensor 124 generates a signal thatcorresponds to the amount of infrared radiation received. This signal isprocessed by processor 112 in accordance with certain instructions (e.g.a program) contained within data storage device 126. In this manner, apatient's temperature is calculated based upon the aforementioned signaland is thereafter displayed in digital display 120. As would beappreciated by one skilled in the art, a different probe may require analternate program to properly calculate a patient's temperature. Asimilar device is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,789,936 to Kraus et al.(Infrared Thermometer for Performing Temperature Measurements atDifferent Sites).

The device of Kraus permits a program to be automatically loaded intothe processor based upon which one of two probes is disposed over theinfrared sensor and which one of two switches is depressed. In theembodiment depicted in FIG. 1, probe 102 is comprised of a first key116. As used herein, the term “key” refers to any suitable structuralfeature of a probe for selectively activating one or more switcheslocated on the thermometer. When probe 102 is securely in its properposition over sensor 124, first switch 110 is depressed by first key116, but second switch 112 is not depressed. When first switch 110 isdepressed, but second switch 112 is not so depressed, then a firstprogram is loaded from data storage device 126 into processor 112. Thisfirst program contains the instructions necessary for processor 122 toproperly calculate the patient's temperature using probe 102. A probeother than probe 102 may require a different program to properly readthe patient's temperature. Such a second probe is illustrated in FIG. 2.

FIG. 2 is a depiction of assembly 200 which is substantially similar toassembly 100 of FIG. 1 except in that probe 202 has replaced probe 102.Probe 202 is an oral or rectal probe configured to receive temperaturereadings from within a patient's mouth or rectum. Probe 202 is comprisedof second key 204. When probe 202 is securely in its proper positionover sensor 124, first switch 110 is not depressed, but second switch112 is depressed by second key 204. When first switch 110 is notdepressed, but second switch 112 is depressed, then a second program isloaded from data storage device 126 into processor 112. This secondprogram contains the instructions necessary for processor 122 toproperly calculate the patient's temperature using probe 202.

The device of Kraus permits two probes to be automatically detectedusing the aforementioned switches. In the present invention, otherswitch configurations, beyond those taught by Kraus, are also possiblethat permit more than two probes. For example, when neither switch 110nor switch 112 are depressed, then a third program may be loaded. Whenboth switch 110 and switch 112 are depressed, then a fourth program maybe loaded. Should three or more switches be present, a multiplicity ofprobes may be automatically detected by selectively depressing certaincombinations of switches.

While the device of Kraus permits the detection of multiple probes, itsuse has been limited by the applicability of infrared technology toother bodily sites. For example, infrared temperature measurements areadaptable to measuring temperature at the tympanic membrane, at theaxilla, or at the temporal region, but are poorly suited to measuretemperature orally or rectally. For an infrared sensor to accuratelymeasure the temperature at a specific bodily site a substantiallyconsistent source of infrared radiation should be provided. Theproperties of the tympanic membrane inherently provide such asubstantially consistent environment, thus tympanic probes have foundwidespread acceptance in the medical industry. The axilla may alsoprovide a similarly consistent environment, if the medical practitionercan avoid disrupting the thermal equilibrium of the axilla duringplacement of the thermometer and if the effects of ambient infraredradiation and emmissivity are accounted for. The temporal region canpotentially provide a substantially consistent source of infraredradiation, but such temporal probes likewise require a fair amount ofskill on the part of the medical practitioner and proper conditioning ofthe temporal site. In contrast, the oral and rectal environments do notprovide a substantially consistent source of infrared radiation due todifficulty of access and variable surface conditions from subject tosubject. In one aspect of the present invention, a probe is providedthat is adapted to measure temperature both orally and rectally byproviding an indirect source of infrared radiation—radiation from atarget of known infrared properties. Such a target may receive thermalenergy from the patient by direct conductance or by transmission ofinfrared radiation through the air. The underlying principle of such atarget is illustrated in FIG. 3.

FIG. 3 is a depiction of distal end 300 of one probe for use with thepresent invention. The probe illustrated in FIG. 3 depicts an infraredtarget 302 that advantageously provides a substantially consistentsource of infrared radiation for the sensor 124 (see FIG. 1) to measure.Distal end 300 is comprised of infrared opaque wall 108 which surroundsand encloses lumen 304. Wall 108 helps protect the sensor 124 frominfrared noise that may be present in the environment. Wall 108 may bemade of any suitable infrared opaque material. For example, wall 108 maybe comprised of a material selected from the group consisting of treatedpaper, plastic, and a polished metal. The paper is preferably treated soas to make it more rigid, add a moisture barrier, and to controlinfection. Suitable plastics include polyethylene, polypropylene, andstarched based polymers. Suitable metals include aluminum, gold, andgold plated substrates.

Referring again to FIG. 3, distal end 300 terminates in infraredtransparent aperture 106. In one embodiment, aperture 106 is a simplehole that permits target 302 to be in direct contact with the outsideenvironment. In another embodiment, shown in FIG. 4A, aperture 106includes a physical membrane that permits the transmission of thermalradiation to target 302, but prevents contamination of target 302 withdebris. Suitable membranes are known in the art. For example, such amembrane may be comprised of polyethylene, polypropylene, starched basedpolymers, and the like. Reference may be had to U.S. Pat. No. 6,390,671to Tseng (Probe Cover with Film Insert).

Referring again to FIG. 3, disposed within lumen 304 is infrared target302. Target 302 is disposed near aperture 106 such that thermalradiation 114 passes through aperture 106 and heats target 302 byconduction. In this manner, target 302 absorbs thermal radiation. Target302 thereafter emits infrared radiation 306 that passes through lumen304 and is later detected by sensor 124. Target 302 is any suitable highemissivity material. As used in this specification, the term“emissivity” is given the same meaning as defined and claimed in U.S.Pat. No. 7,037,083 to O'Neil (Radiation Shielding Coating). In oneembodiment, the emissivity of the target 302 is at least about 0.8. Inanother embodiment, the emissivity of the target 302 is at least about0.9. In yet another embodiment, the emissivity of the target is at leastabout 0.95. Target 302 may be comprised of any suitable material knownin the art. In one embodiment, target 302 consists of a materialselected from the group consisting of plastic, cellulose paper, fabric,metal foil, and combinations thereof. Examples of suitable metalsinclude aluminum, brass, copper, gold, and the like. Many probes may beconstructed in accordance with the aforementioned teachings. Some ofthese probes are illustrated in FIGS. 4A to 4F.

FIGS. 4A to 4F are depictions of various probes for use with the presentinvention. Each of these probes find particular utility in particularcircumstances.

FIG. 4A is a tympanic probe for use with the present invention. Atympanic probe is any probe configured to be disposed with an ear.Tympanic probes typically have a proximal end 401 and a distal end 403,wherein the diameter of the proximal end 401 is greater than thediameter of the distal end 403. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 4A,thermal radiation is transmitted to target 302 through the air.Radiation 400 thereafter is emitted by target 302 and travels to sensor124 (see FIG. 1).

FIG. 4B is a temporal probe for use with the present invention. Atemporal probe is any probe configured to obtain a temperaturemeasurement from the temple region of a mammal. Temporal probes may havea variety of configurations, only one of which is illustrated in FIG.4B. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 4B, proximal end 401 has adiameter which is less than the diameter of distal end 403. In FIG. 4Btarget 302 is in direct contact with the region whose temperature is tobe measured and thus conducts thermal energy from such region to target302. Radiation 402 thereafter is emitted by target 302 and travels tosensor 124 (see FIG. 1).

FIG. 4C is a depiction of a probe that is suitable for use as an oral,rectal or axillary probe. An oral probe is any probe configured toobtain a temperature measurement from the mouth, and in particular fromthe sublingual region of the mouth. Such probes may also be suitable forobtaining both rectal and axillary temperature measurements. In theembodiment depicted in FIG. 4C, aperture 106 is a simple hole. Target302 protrudes through aperture 106 and is in direct contact with theenvironment. Thermal radiation from the environment is absorbed bytarget 302 and is thereafter emitted as radiation 404.

FIG. 4D is a simple probe wherein the proximal end 401 has the samediameter as the distal end 403. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 4D,target 302 is configured to be in direct contact with the environmentand the energy passes through aperture 106 by conductance. Target 302 isdisposed within the lumen of the probe. Thermal radiation passes throughaperture 106 and is absorbed by target 302. Radiation 406 is thereafteremitted by target 302 and detected by sensor 124 (see FIG. 1).

FIG. 4E is a bottom view of a probe suitable for use as an axillaryprobe. FIG. 4F is a side view of the probe of FIG. 4E. The probeillustrated in FIG. 4E is a substantially flat or planar surface that isconfigured to be disposed on the skin of a mammal, such as, for example,in a patient's axilla. Thermal energy is then transferred from theenvironment to target 302 and is thereafter emitted as radiation 408that is detected by sensor 124 (see FIG. 1). In one embodiment,waveguide 410 (see FIG. 4F) facilitates the transfer of the infraredradiation along the length of the lumen.

In each of the aforementioned probes, it is preferred that the target302 have certain properties. For example, is it preferred that target302 have a relatively high emissivity. Moreover, it is preferred thatsuch probes be disposable. Disposable probes are advantaged in that theyhelp maintain a sanitary environment. Additionally, it is also preferredthat target 302 be adapted to quickly absorb infrared radiation uponexposure to such radiation. One factor that influences the rate ofheating of target 302 is the mass of target 302. It is preferred thattarget 302 be of relatively low mass. In one embodiment, target 302 hasa mass less than about 1.00 milligrams. In another embodiment, target302 has a mass less than about 5.0 milligrams. In yet anotherembodiment, target 302 has a mass less than about 10.0 milligrams. Inone embodiment, the high emissivity target 302 is disposed within asupporting material to help reduce the mass of such target. Referencemay be had to FIGS. 5A and 5B.

FIGS. 5A and 5B are depictions of an infrared target configuration foruse with the present invention. As shown in FIG. 5A, the target 302 isdisposed within supporting material 500. The surface of supportingmaterial 500 is configured to be disposed on a patient's body, forexample on the patient's arm, for a prolonged period of time. Thesurface of supporting material 500 is shown in more detail in FIG. 5B.

FIG. 5B is an end view of one target 302 for use with the presentinvention. In the embodiment depicted, target 302 is disposed withinsupporting material 500 such that the area of supporting material 500 isgreater than the area of target 302. Supporting material 500 may be anysuitable material known in the art. For example, supporting material 500may be polyethylene, polypropylene, starched based polymers, aluminum,gold plating, and the like. A configuration such as that shown in FIG. 5is particularly well suited for use with probes that have a largesurface area, such as those illustrated in FIG. 4B and FIG. 4E. Withsuch a configuration, a low mass target 302 can be used in thosesituations where a large surface area is to be covered by the probe. Thetarget can be configured such that it insulates a section of coveredskin from the effects of ambient conditions while providing a targetmeasurement area of known emmisivity that can be measured using aninfrared thermometer. A further configuration may include an infraredtransparent window fixed a given distance above the target (not shown).This window would provide further isolation of the target from ambienteffects while allowing the target to be read by an infrared thermometer.

FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B show two infrared thermometers configured to bedisposed on a patient for a prolonged period of time. For example, andwith reference to FIG. 6A, probe 602 is configured to be adhesivelyattached to a patient's arm for a period of at least an hour. Infraredradiation from the patient is transferred to target 302. Suchtransmission may be direct conductance or by indirection transfer ofinfrared radiation through the air. In one embodiment, probe 602 isdisposable. Infrared thermometer 608 is removably connected to probe 602and receives emitted infrared radiation from target 302. Probe 602 mayremain attached to the patient and provide continual monitoring of thepatient's current temperature, simply by glancing at display 606. Theconfiguration of probe 602 is detected by infrared thermometer 608 usingthe keying features previously discussed.

FIG. 6B shows an alternative assembly that uses infrared thermometer608. Thermometer 608 is connected to probe 610 and such a probe isdetected using the keying features previously discussed. In theembodiment depicted in FIG. 6B, probe 610 is a tympanic probe configuredto be inserted into the ear of a patient. Probe 610 is further comprisedof attachment mechanism 600 which, in the embodiment depicted, isgenerally in the shape of an ear. Such a configuration helps hold probe610 in position when it is disposed in a patient's ear. Infraredthermometer 608 is removably attached to probe 610. The temperature isdisplayed on display 608.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of process 700 for use with the presentinvention. Process 700 is initiated by the execution of step 702 whereina probe is connected to an infrared thermometer, thus producing aninfrared thermometer assembly. This connection takes place such that akey or keying feature on the probe mates with a switch on thethermometer. In step 704, the thermometer uses this keying feature todetect the identity of the probe. For example, the thermometer mightdetect that the currently attached probe is a #25 tympanic probe. Instep 706 the thermometer queries a data storage device located in thethermometer for a program that corresponds to the currently identifiedprobe. This program allows the thermometer to properly interpret emittedradiation from the probe (see step 714). In step 708 the user of thethermometer places the probe at the correct bodily site. For example, ofthe probe is a tympanic probe, then the user places the probe in the earcannel of the patient. In step 710 the infrared target, located withinthe probe, is exposed to the patient and allowed to come to thermalequilibrium with the bodily site it is exposed to. This targetthereafter emits radiation that is proportional to the temperature ofthe bodily site to which it was previously exposed. In step 712 ofprocess 700, an infrared sensor, disposed in the thermometer, measuresthe emitted radiation from the target. In step 714 the signal thusmeasured is processed by the thermometer in accordance with the programthat was loaded in step 706. In this manner, the temperature of theaforementioned bodily site is calculated. This temperature is thisdisplayed in step 716 to a user of the assembly.

In one embodiment, a kit is provided which comprises an infraredthermometer and at least two probes for use with the thermometer. Theprobes are each equipped with keying features that mate with one or moreswitches on the thermometer and permit the thermometer to properlyidentify which of the probes is currently attached. The probes areselected from the group consisting of a tympanic probe, an oral probe, arectal probe, an axillary probe, and a temporal probe, provided that thetwo probes are selected from different groups. For example, the kit maycomprise one tympanic probe and one oral probe. In another embodiment,at least three probes are provided which are selected from differentgroups. Any suitable number of probes may be so provided. In yet anotherembodiment, two probes or more probes are provided which are members ofthe same group, but which are structurally different. For example, thekit may comprise one adult tympanic probe and one neonate tympanicprobe.

While the invention has been described with reference to preferredembodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art thatvarious changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted forelements thereof to adapt to particular situations without departingfrom the scope of the invention. Therefore, it is intended that theinvention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed as thebest mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that theinvention will include all embodiments falling within the scope andspirit of the appended claims.

1. An infrared thermometer comprising: a probe with an infrared opaquetarget that absorbs thermal radiation to provide a substantiallyconsistent source of infrared radiation and an aperture for preventingcontamination of the infrared target while permitting the transmissionof thermal radiation to the target; and an infrared sensor for sensinginfrared radiation from the infrared target, the infrared target beingpositioned within the probe such that it absorbs thermal radiation thatcomes from the aperture and thereafter emits thermal radiation to theinfrared sensor.
 2. An infrared thermometer comprising: a probe with aninfrared target that absorbs thermal radiation to provide asubstantially consistent source of infrared radiation and an aperturefor preventing contamination of the infrared target while permitting thetransmission of thermal radiation to the target; and an infrared sensorfor sensing infrared radiation from the infrared target, the infraredtarget being positioned within the probe such that it absorbs thermalradiation that comes from the aperture and thereafter emits thermalradiation to the infrared sensor.
 3. The infrared thermometer as recitedin claim 2, wherein the infrared target comprises metal.
 4. The infraredthermometer as recited in claim 2, wherein the infrared target comprisesa metal foil.
 5. The infrared thermometer as recited in claim 2, whereinthe infrared target includes a metal selected from the group consistingof aluminum, brass, copper, and gold.
 6. The infrared thermometer asrecited in claim 2, wherein the aperture is infrared transparent.
 7. Aninfrared thermometer kit comprising: an infrared thermometer including:an infrared sensor for sensing infrared radiation from an infraredtarget disposed within a probe, a processor for processing a signal fromthe infrared sensor based upon a current program and determining atemperature of a patient, a digital display for displaying thetemperature, a data storage device for storing a multiplicity ofprograms for determining the temperature of the patient based upon thesignal from the infrared sensor, and a switch for loading the currentprogram from the multiplicity of programs; and a first probe configuredto be removably connected to the infrared thermometer, wherein: thefirst probe is comprised of a first key for activating the switch, thusloading a first program from the multiplicity of programs, the firstprobe is comprised of a first infrared target for receiving thermalradiation from the patient, wherein the first program containsparameters specific to the first infrared target, and wherein the firstinfrared target has an emissivity of greater than about 0.8, the firstprobe is selected from the group consisting of a tympanic probe, an oralprobe, a rectal probe, an axillary probe, and a temporal probe, and thefirst probe is configured to be attached to the patient for a prolongedperiod of time.
 8. The infrared thermometer kit as recited in claim 7,further comprising a second probe selected from the group consisting ofa tympanic probe, an oral probe, a rectal probe, an axillary probe, anda temporal probe, wherein the first probe and second probe are eachselected from different groups, and wherein the second probe iscomprised of an adhesive such that the second probe may be attached tothe patient for a prolonged period of time.
 9. The infrared thermometerkit as recited in claim 7, wherein the first probe is an axillary probe.10. The infrared thermometer kit as recited in claim 7, wherein thefirst probe is a tympanic probe.
 11. The infrared thermometer kit asrecited in claim 8, wherein the second probe is an axillary probe. 12.The infrared thermometer kit as recited in claim 7, wherein the firstinfrared target has a mass of less than about 10 milligrams.
 13. Theinfrared thermometer kit as recited in claim 7, wherein the firstinfrared target has an emissivity of greater than about 0.9.
 14. Theinfrared thermometer kit as recited in claim 7, wherein the firstinfrared target is comprised of a material selected from the groupconsisting of plastic, cellulose paper, fabric, metal, and combinationsthereof
 15. The infrared thermometer kit as recited in claim 7, whereinthe first infrared target is comprised of a metal selected from thegroup consisting of aluminum, copper, brass, gold, and combinationsthereof.